SCOPE REVIEW
PROTOCOL
DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN PALLIATIVE CARE TEACHING:
SCOPE REVIEW PROTOCOL
TECNOLOGÍAS DIGITALES EN LA ENSEÑANZA
DE CUIDADOS PALIATIVOS: PROTOCOLO DE REVISIÓN DEL
ALCANCE
TECNOLOGIAS DIGITAIS NO ENSINO DE CUIDADOS PALIATIVOS: PROTOCOLO DE SCOPE REVIEW
https://doi.org/10.31011/reaid-2025-v.99-n.3-art.2581
¹Patricia Maria de
Oliveira Andrade Araújo
²Lívia Maria
Nascimento Queiroz
³Mayara Furtado
Bezerra Azevedo
4José Alex
Alves dos Santos
5Ana Carla Silva
Alexandre
6Maria Eliane Moreira
Freire
¹ Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil. Doctoral
Candidate in Nursing. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5228-3726
²Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil. Master's
Student in Nursing. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7304-864
³Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil. Specialist in
Physical Therapy in Gerontology and Palliative Care. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7381-8896
4Federal
Institute of Science and Technology of Pernambuco, Abreu e Lima Campus, PE. PhD
in Pharmaceutical Sciences. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0386-6796
5Federal
Institute of Science and Technology of Pernambuco, Pesqueira Campus, PE. PhD in
Biomedical Sciences. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5754-1778
6Federal
University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil. PhD in Nursing. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0305-4843
Corresponding Author
Patricia Maria de Oliveira Andrade Araújo
Campus I, University City, João Pessoa, Paraíba - Brazil. Zip Code:
58051-900. Contact: +55(83) 3216-7200. Email:
patricia.araujo@abreuelima.ifpe.edu.br
Submission: 27-05-2025
Approval: 15-07-2025
ABSTRACT
Objective: to map scientific evidence on the use of educational and digital technologies in palliative care
teaching. Methodology: This is a scoping review protocol, registered on
the Open Science Framework (OSF) platform
at: http://OSF.IO/5MQ7V conducted
by the Joanna Briggs Institute
(JBI) methodology and the PRISMA tool with the extension for scoping reviews
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses - Scoping Review
(PRISMA-ScR). It will be carried
out in seven electronic databases: Medical Literature Analysis and
Retrieval System Online, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health
Sciences, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Excerpta Medica
Database, Web of Science, SciVerse
Scopus and Cochrane. And in two gray literatures, the Digital Library of Theses and
Dissertations and Google Scholar. Studies involving primary research,
systematic and literature reviews, meta-analyses and clinical trials will be considered. Results: Data will be collected
and processed in three stages,
using Rayyan® software
for compilation, carried out by two independent reviewers and a third as
a decision maker. Conclusion: It is expected that the mapping
of the types of educational and digital technologies used in palliative care teaching will allow us to elucidate
these data, and will show us the current teaching scenario in this specialty,
possible gaps and provide reflections.
Keywords: Palliative Care; Hypermedia; Digital Technology; Teaching;
Educational Technology.
RESUMEN
Objetivo: mapear evidencia científica sobre el uso de
tecnologías educativas y digitales en la enseñanza de cuidados paliativos. Metodología:
Se trata de un protocolo de revisión de alcance, registrado en la
plataforma Open Science Framework (OSF) en: http://OSF.IO/5MQ7V
realizado mediante la metodología del Joanna Briggs
Institute (JBI) y la herramienta PRISMA con la extensión
para revisiones de alcance Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and
Meta-Analyses - Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR). Se realizará en siete bases de datos electrónicas: Medical
Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Literatura
Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud, Cumulative Index to
Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Excerpta Medica Database, Web of Science,
SciVerse Scopus y Cochrane. Y en dos literaturas grises,
la Biblioteca Digital
de Tesis y Disertaciones y Google Académico. Se considerarán estudios
que involucren investigación primaria, revisiones sistemáticas y de literatura, metaanálisis
y ensayos clínicos. Resultados: Los datos serán recolectados y
procesados en tres etapas, utilizando el software Rayyan® para su compilación,
realizada por dos revisores independientes y un tercero
como tomador de decisiones. Conclusión: Se espera que el mapeo de los tipos de tecnologías
educativas y digitales utilizadas en la enseñanza de cuidados paliativos no
sólo nos permita dilucidar estos datos, sino que también nos muestre el
escenario actual de la enseñanza en esta especialidad, posibles brechas y
brinde reflexiones.
Palabras clave: Cuidados Paliativos; Hipermedia; Tecnología Digital;
Enseñanza; Tecnología Educativa.
RESUMO
Objetivo: mapear evidências científicas acerca do uso de
tecnologias educacionais e digitais no ensino de cuidados paliativos. Metodologia:
Trata-se de um protocolo de revisão de escopo, registrado na plataforma Open
Science Framework (OSF) em: http://OSF.IO/5MQ7V conduzido pela metodologia de Joanna Briggs
Institute (JBI) e a ferramenta PRISMA com a extensão para revisões
de escopo Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
- Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR). Será realizado em sete bases de dados eletrônicas: Medical Literature Analysis
and Retrieval System Online, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em
Ciências da Saúde, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature,
Excerpta Medica Database, Web of Science, SciVerse Scopus e a Cochrane. E em duas literaturas cinzentas, a Biblioteca Digital
de Teses e Dissertações e o
Google Scholar. Serão considerados estudos que envolvam pesquisas primárias,
revisões sistemáticas e de literatura, meta-análises e ensaios clínicos. Resultados:
Os dados serão coletados e processados em três etapas, utilizando o software Rayyan® para a compilação, realizada por dois revisores
independentes e um terceiro como decisor. Conclusão: Espera-se o
mapeamento dos tipos de tecnologias educacionais e digitais, usadas no ensino
de cuidados paliativos, além de permitir elucidar esses dados, poderá nos
mostrar o cenário atual do ensino nessa especialidade, possíveis lacunas e
propiciar reflexões
Palavras-chave: Cuidados Paliativos; Hipermídia; Tecnologia Digital;
Ensino; Tecnologia Educacional.
INTRODUCTION
Palliative care (PC) is a holistic
approach that seeks to improve the quality of life of patients and their
families facing serious and life-threatening illnesses. This approach aims to
prevent and alleviate suffering through early identification, appropriate
assessment, and effective treatment of pain, as well as other physical, psychosocial,
and spiritual problems that may arise during the course of the
illness.⁽¹⁾ Resolution No. 41⁽²⁾ states that palliative
care must be integrated into the continuing care offered by the Health Care
Network (RAD).
This approach aims to ensure that palliative
care is an essential part of the health system, in addition to providing
comprehensive, quality care for patients with serious and progressive illnesses
or in terminal situations.⁽²⁾ The health team that cares for
patients with life-threatening illnesses is composed of several professionals,
forming a multidisciplinary team. Nurses, as an integral member, stand out for
their continuous and uninterrupted dedication to providing care, which begins
with the diagnosis of the disease and continues through bereavement. These
professionals closely witness the anguish and suffering of patients during the
process of death and dying.⁽³⁾ The draft of the new National Curricular Guidelines for
Undergraduate Nursing Courses⁽4⁾ addresses the professional profile of nurses, in line with
contemporary perspectives and approaches to nursing education and professional
practice, based on the principles and guidelines of the Unified Health System
(SUS).
In 2024, the Ministry of Health
launched the National Palliative Care Policy, expanding and qualifying care for
patients and families facing life-threatening illnesses (5). However,
it is important to note that there is still no specific determination in the
guidelines to guide training in palliative care. However, it is understood that
a curriculum that deepens the understanding of palliative care is extremely
important in the training of professionals, and should include courses that
address ethics, interprofessional communication, pain and symptom management,
grief psychology, and finitude.⁽6⁾
However, this gap does not prevent
undergraduate curricula from being updated to include content on this care
approach and effectively integrate theory and practice.⁽6⁾ Technologies contribute
significantly to this teaching-learning process, being definitively integrated
into the curriculum, no longer merely a supplementary tool. Furthermore, a
direct relationship between the use of ICT and transformations in teaching
practices is evident, promoting changes in student learning.⁽7⁾ The integration of educational
technologies can represent an alternative approach to innovative teaching. This
protocol is justified by the need to map such digital and educational
technology strategies, which are focused on palliative care. This protocol aims
to systematize a review that elucidates these data and to highlight the current
teaching landscape in this specialty, identify potential gaps, and provide
insights.
This study focuses on the problem of
PC, addressing the concept of educational and digital technologies within the
context of teaching in this field. And as a guiding question for the review: what scientific evidence is
available in the literature on the use of educational and digital technologies
in teaching palliative care?
OBJETIVE
Map scientific evidence on the use of
educational and digital technologies in teaching palliative care.
METHODS
Study Type
This is a scoping review
protocol study, based on the Joanna Briggs Institute⁽8⁾
(JBI) methodology and using the PRISMA tool, with the Preferred Reporting Items
for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses - Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR)
extension for scoping reviews. Data will be collected and processed in three stages,
using Rayyan® software for compilation, performed by two independent reviewers
and a third as the decision maker.
Eligibility
Criteria
The PCC (Population, Concept,
Context) strategy will be used, as shown in Table 1:
Table 1 - PCC
Strategy
|
Strategy
|
Description
|
|
P (Population)
|
Palliative care or hospital
|
|
C (Concept)
|
Educational, digital technologies, and mobile
applications
|
|
C (Context)
|
Teaching and professional education in
health
|
Source: Prepared by the authors, 2025.
Table 1 outlines the inclusion
and exclusion criteria established based on the PCC (Population, Concept,
Context) strategy, which guide the selection of studies to be considered in the
scoping review.
Table 1 - Study
eligibility criteria, according to the PCC strategy used. João Pessoa, Paraíba,
Brazil, 2025.
|
PCC
|
Inclusion
|
Exclusion
|
|
Population
|
Studies that highlight palliative or
hospital care, aimed at teaching in this area.
|
Studies on other topics.
|
|
Concept
|
Studies that cover
educational technologies, digital technology and mobile applications used for
teaching palliative care.
|
Studies that bring technologies to other
topics.
|
|
Context
|
Studies that
address teaching and professional education, and that portray technological
innovations aimed at palliative care, in school and/or hospital environments.
|
Studies that address teaching in another
discipline.
|
|
Types of
Evidence Sources
|
Studies
involving primary research, systematic and literature reviews, meta-analyses
and clinical trials, without temporal or linguistic restrictions.
|
Studies with
in-depth articles, studies with divergent themes and/or designs.
|
Source:
Prepared by the authors, 2025.
Study Search
The search
strategy was developed for the databases using controlled descriptors in the
Health Science Descriptors (DeCS/MeSH). Seven electronic databases will be
searched through the CAPES Journal Portal: Medical Literature Analysis and
Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences
Literature (LILACS), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature
(CINAHL), Embase, Web of Science, SciVerse Scopus, and the Cochrane Library.
Two gray literature databases will be searched: the Digital Library of Theses
and Dissertations (BDTD) and Google Scholar. Articles will be screened by title
and abstract by two independent reviewers, considering studies of any language
and period. The content will be read through the paid access of the Federated
Academic Community System of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher
Education Personnel (CAFe/CAPES) of the Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB).
Table 2 presents the search strategies adopted in each database consulted.
Table 2 - Search
strategy performed in each database. João Pessoa, PB, 2025.
|
Database
|
Search strategy used
|
Results obtained (n)
|
|
PubMed/
Medline
|
("Palliative Care"[MeSH] OR "Palliative Medicine") AND ("Educational
Technology"[MeSH] OR "Digital Learning") AND ("Education")
|
423 articles
|
|
LILACS
|
("Palliative Care" OR "Hospice and Palliative Care
Nursing") AND
(("tecnologia educacional" OR "ensino digital")) AND ("Educational Technology" OR
"Digital Technology") AND instance:"regional"
|
09 articles
|
|
CINAHL
|
(MH "Palliative Care") AND ("educational technology" OR "digital tools")
AND ("education")
|
14 articles
|
|
EMBASE
|
'Palliative Therapy'/Exp OR 'Palliative Nursing'/Exp AND Educational
Technology'/Exp OR 'Dgital Technology'/Exp OR 'Mobile Application'/Exp AND
Education'/Exp OR 'Vocational Education'/Exp
|
699 articles
|
|
Web of
Science
|
TS=("palliative care") AND TS=("educational technology" OR "digital
learning") AND TS=("education")
|
0 articles
|
|
Scopus
|
( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( ‘palliative AND care’ ) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (
‘educational AND technology’ )AND
TITLE-ABS-KEY( ‘education’ ) )
|
66 articles
|
|
Cochrane
Library Line
|
"Palliative Care" OR "Hospice and
Palliative Care Nursing" AND
"Educational Technology" OR "Digital Technology" OR "Mobile Applications" AND
"Education" OR "Education, Professional"
|
85 articles
|
|
BDTD
|
Cuidados paliativos AND Tecnologia educacional AND Ensino
|
04 articles
|
|
Google
scholar
|
("Palliative Care") AND ("Educational Technology") AND ("Education")
|
2.540
articles
|
*
Search conducted on February 6, 2025. Source: Prepared by the authors, 2025.
I Initially, a search was conducted
using the Virtual Health Library and PubMed portals to identify keywords and
descriptors. Subsequently, the titles and abstracts were carefully read, taking
into account the indexed terms and DeCS/MeSH descriptors, with the aim of
answering the study's guiding question, following the PRISMA-ScR eligibility criteria.
Study selection
The screening will be conducted by
two independent reviewers, with assistance from Rayyan (Qatar Computing
Research Institute, Doha, Qatar). Disagreements will be resolved by a third
reviewer. Eligible studies will have their full texts evaluated. The process
will be represented by the PRISMA-ScR flowchart.
Data extraction
and analysis/Information source
A specific form, adapted from the JBI
model, will be used to meet the purposes and question of the review. Data
extraction will include the author, journal year, country of origin, study
design and type, research objectives, type of educational technology, and its
main results. The form may be revised and adjusted if additional information
not initially included becomes necessary, as shown in Table 3. Any changes made
will be detailed later in the scoping review.
Table 3 - Data extraction table, João Pessoa, PB, 2025.
|
Author/year/country
|
Design/Type of Study
|
Research objectives
|
Type of educational technology
|
Main results and conclusions
|
Prepared by the
authors, 2025.
Data analysis and
presentation
The research results will be
published in full as part of the scoping review and presented in a scoping
review flowchart, as recommended by the Preferred Reporting Items for
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). During the study selection
process, article authors may be consulted to provide additional information, if
necessary. The results will be presented in written and visual format, through
a descriptive summary of the variables studied, accompanied by a discussion of
the mapped findings and their relationship to the objective and question of the
review. The evidence extracted from the selected studies will constitute the
product of the scoping review, which will be published in an indexed journal of
scientific relevance.
Acknowledgments
This review aims to contribute to
mapping educational and digital technologies focused on teaching palliative
care in nursing. It will also serve as a scoping review, one of Patrícia Maria de
Oliveira Andrade Araújo's goals for obtaining her doctorate.
REFERENCES
1.
World Health Organization. Palliative care [Inernet]. Geneva:
WHO; 2020. [citado 2024 Nov 15]. Disponível em: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/palliative-care.
2.
Brasil. Gabinete do Ministro. Comissão Intergestores Tripartite. Resolução nº 41, 31 de outubro
de 2018. Dispõe
sobre as diretrizes para a organização dos cuidados paliativos, à
luz dos cuidados continuados integrados, no âmbito Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS).
Disponível em:
https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/cit/2018/res0041_23_11_2018.html
3.
Santos RJLL, Sousa EP, Santos SG, Sales VP, Rodrigues GMM, Costa JS,
et al. O enfermeiro e os cuidados paliativos proporcionados ao idoso
terminal internado em UTI. Braz. J. Hea. Rev
[Internet]. mar./abr. 2019 [citado 2024 Nov 15];2(2):1095-104.
Disponível em: https://ojs.brazilianjournals.com.br/ojs/index.php/BJHR/article/view/1305/1184.
4.
Ministério da Educação
(BR). Parecer CNE/CES nº 443/2024, aprovado em 3 de julho de 2024, Revisão das
Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para os
Cursos de Graduação em Enfermagem, licenciatura e bacharelado. Disponível em: http://portal.mec.gov.br/index.php?option=com_docman&view=download&alias=264151-pces443- 24&category_slug=julho-2024&Itemid=30192.
5.
Ministério da Saúde (BR).
Portaria GM/MS nº 3.681, de 7 de maio de 2024. Institui a Política Nacional de
Cuidados Paliativos - PNCP no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS, por meio
da alteração da Portaria de Consolidação GM/MS nº 2, de 28 de setembro de 2017.
Diário Oficial da União:
seção 1, Brasília, DF, 22 maio
2024. Disponível em: https://www.in.gov.br/web/dou/-/portaria-gm/ms-n-3.681-de-7-de-maio-de-2024-561223717.
6.
Aparecido AM, Dias MR. A importância da formação em cuidados paliativos na graduação em
enfermagem. Enferm. Atual In Derme [Internet]. 18º de agosto de 2023 [citado
2025 Abr 15];97(3):e023146. Doi: https://doi.org/10.31011/reaid-2023-v.97-n.3-art.1961.
7.
Lima MF, Araújo JFS. A
utilização das tecnologias de informação e comunicação como recurso
didático-pedagógico no processo de ensino e aprendizagem. Rev Educação Pública
[Internet]. 22 jun 2021 [citado 2025 Abr 15]; 21(23):
Disponível em: https://educacaopublica.cecierj.edu.br/artigos/21/23/a-utilizacao-das-tecnologias-de-informacao-e- comunicacao-como-recurso-didatico-pedagogico-no-processo-de-ensino-aprendizagem
8.
JBI Manual for Evidence
Synthesis - JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis - JBI Global Wiki. synthesis
manual.jbi.global [Internet]. 2024 [citado 2025 Maio 10]. Doi: https://doi.org/10.46658/JBIMES-20-01
Promotion and
Acknowledgment:
This
scoping review protocol does not have any type of funding from a funding
agency.
Authorship
criteria (author contributions)
All authors contributed to the preparation of the article
Conflicts of
Interest
Please note that there is no conflict of interest in this research.
Scientific Editor: Francisco Mayron Morais Soares.
Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7316-2519
Rev Enferm Atual In Derme 2025;99(3): e025099